What was the underlying causes of World War 1 free essay sample

Militarism, Colonialism, and Alliances were the basic reasons for World War 1. Partnerships were of extraordinary incentive in this war. Basically whoever had the a great many people or most exceptional weapons would crush their adversary. With pressures intense and the need for more land, World War I broke out. Militarism is the demonstration of a country fabricating an enormous military. European nations fired structure up their armed forces and naval forces beginning in 1890 to 1914(document C). England concentrated on essentially developing its Navy, however it was at that point more grounded than some other two naval forces consolidated. When Great Britain and Germany got some answers concerning Britain’s solid Navy, the two of them incredibly expanded their naval forces. In Germany and Russia mostly, this unexpected military development started to greaterly affect open approach, it helped push the nations required to the war. The entirety of this development in the military prompted to a weapons contest between all the primary nations. We will compose a custom exposition test on What was the hidden reasons for World War 1? or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In 1906, the British had presented the Dreadnought, an incredible warship. The Germans before long followed by presenting their own warships. At that point, Von Schlieffen drew up a game plan that included assaulting France through Belgium if Russia made an assault on Germany. Expansionism was one of the fundamental figure factors World War 1, numerous provincial competitions hurt connections and coalitions inside European force. A large number of the European provinces were in Africa. There was numerous issues among France, Britain, Germany, and Italy. Dominion, which is rivalry for exchange and settlements, brought about tense connections between European countries. England and France framed collusions against Germany because of rivalry for settlements. Germany needed to grow and assume control over Europe. (Record E) Alliance frameworks were additionally a main source of World War 1, this is the place certain countries structure coalitions and battle with one another against whoever they are doing battle against. Report A shows that Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy united to make a triple-union. On the opposite side of the war, United Kingdom, France, and Russia were a collusion; this aided on the grounds that having Russia on the opposite side of the nation made it simpler to fight from two unique sides of the mainland against the Germany union. Record B shows all the various nations pointing at each other indicating who they are at war with, this clarifies every union is battling each other. World War 1 has numerous different causes in any case, Militarism, Colonialism, and Alliances are the most significant hidden causes. Nations are made up numerous individuals, weapons and provinces. With the entirety of this joined it brought about World War 1.

black lung disease :: essays research papers

Dark Lung Disease      Every year, just about 1,500 individuals who have worked in the nation’s coalmines pass on from dark lung infection. That’s proportionate to the Titanic sinking each year, without any boats acting the hero. While that fiasco which took spot such a long time prior keeps on entrancing the country, dark lung casualties kick the bucket a horrifying passing in confined rustic networks, away from the spotlight of publicity.â â â â â Dark lung is the legitimate term for a man-made, word related lung ailment that is shrunk by delayed breathing of coalmine dust. Some call it miner’s asthma, silicosis, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, coal laborers' pneumoconiosis, or dark lung. In any case, they are all residue illnesses with similar indications.      Only the littlest particles of the coal dust make it past the nose, mouth, and throat into the alveoli discovered somewhere down in the lungs. The alveoli, or air sacs, are answerable for trading gases with the blood, and are situated toward the finish of every bronchiole. Microphages, a sort of platelet, accumulate remote particles and convey them to where they can either be gulped or hacked out. On the off chance that an excessive amount of residue is breathed in over a significant stretch of time, some residue loaded microphages and particles gather for all time in the lungs causing dark lung malady.      The fundamental side effect of the sickness is brevity of breath, which deteriorates as the ailment advances. In serious cases, the patient may create cor pulmonale, which is an extension and strain on the correct side of the heart brought about by ceaseless lung infection. In the long run, this may cause right-sided cardiovascular breakdown. A few patients create emphysema as a difficulty of dark lung sickness. Others build up an extreme kind of dark lung ailment in which harm proceeds to the upper piece of the lungs much after introduction to the residue has finished called dynamic monstrous fibrosis.      Black lung ailment can be analyzed by checking a patient’s history for introduction to the coal dust, trailed by a chest x-beam to check whether the trademark spots on the lungs are available. A pneumonic capacity test may help in the conclusion. Be that as it may, all coalminer’s ought to have chest x-beams like clockwork so the sickness can be distinguished early.      Congress set severe cutoff points on airborne residue and requested administrators to take intermittent air tests inside coalmines in 1969.

The Lottery A Setting Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Lottery A Setting Analysis Essay Shirley Jackson takes extraordinary consideration in making a setting for the story, The Lottery. She gives the peruser a feeling of solace and steadiness from the earliest starting point. It starts, â€Å"clear and bright, with the new warmth of a full-summer day; the blossoms were blooming lavishly and the grass was luxuriously green.† The setting all through The Lottery makes a feeling of quietness and serenity, while depicting an ordinary town on a typical summer day. With the absolute first words, Jackson starts to set up nature for her plot. To start, she recounts to the peruser that the story happens on a late-spring morning. This aides in giving a focal point of the averageness of this modest community, a typical rustic network. She additionally specifies that school has quite recently as of late let out for summer break, which obviously permits the kids to go around then of day. Besides, she portrays the grass as â€Å"richly green and â€Å"the blossoms were sprouting abundantly. These depictions of the environmental factors give the peruser a peaceful inclination about the town. The area of the square, â€Å"between the mail station and the bank, demonstrates the diminutiveness of this town, since everything unifies at or close to the town square and it goes about as the essential area for the rest of the piece of the story, assuming a critical job toward the end setting of the story. We will compose a custom exposition on The Lottery A Setting Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now As yet, nothing interesting has occurred, which may later mirror an unexpected closure. In the long run, little clues about the uncommonness of this town are included. The creator calls attention to huge structures that encompass the town square, however neglects to depict a congregation or a town hall, which are basic structures to all networks. In this, there is by all accounts no focal overseeing body for this town, for example, a court or a police headquarters. Likewise, strangely, these individuals observe Halloween yet not Christmas, Easter or Thanksgiving, the biggest occasions that ordinary individuals celebrate. Be that as it may, Halloween embroils a specific inclination to insubordinate, insidious exercises. What's more, the kids are building an incredible heap of stones in a single corner of the square.† An impression of the kids as typical youngsters gathering rocks is offset their unexpected development a monstrous heap of stones in a single corner, as though they were rebuffed through work. The presentation of the discovery goes about as the significant defining moment for the setting. It represents a corrupt demonstration to the locals as â€Å"the residents stayed away from it. The presentation of the black box into the setting changes the state of mind and the air of the inhabitants as they become uncomfortable around it. Moreover, the discovery changes the state of mind from quiet and tranquil to inauspicious, where the snapshot of enlightenment arrives at peak at the finish of the story. Through her utilization of inconspicuous subtleties in the setting, Shirley Jackson hints the devilish passionate consummation, which needs official specialists, by the garbled referencing of stones. Surely, the story begins to feel increasingly awkward, and the ordinary disposition of the townspeople stays in any event, during the stoning of Mrs. Hutchinson. They are on the whole unaffected by the result with the exception of, clearly, the casualty of their work together homicide . Close to the end, one of the ladies coolly advises the casualty to â€Å"be a decent sport† as they butcher her with stones. Disregarding the serene state of mind made by the town setting, everybody submits a severe demonstration by stoning a blameless individual. All through The Lottery, the setting assumes a critical job in depicting incongruity in the plot. In any case, Shirley Jackson doesn't end her story with a goals to the plot, however she represents the incongruity she finds on the planet through an inventive unexpected setting.Indeed, the setting communicates The Lottery’s subject of a shrouded reality underneath the outside of regular day to day existences. Catalog:

Cultural Dimensions in Slumdog Millionaire - Literature Essay Samples

Slumdog Millionaire is a movie that invokes various cultures at work within India including Muslim/Hindu tensions, British colonialism and American pop culture in the form of the framing device of an American game show. Based on an Indian novel, the movie also adds another layer of cultural bias when it is based on Oliver Twist. Furthermore, there is a class structure in the movie that contrasts the poverty of the protagonist with the game show of the middle class existence. Even within the poor culture, there is a subculture of crime that is respected by the members of the poor class, but is largely ignored by the middle and upper class people. The criminals in Slumdog Millionaire are similar to the Ryan Reynolds character in Adventureland. He is the repairman for all the rides and among the teenage workers who are working at the place for their summer jobs, he is the highest class member of the fair. Yet, among his peers he has low status. According to Edward Hall, culture is â€Å"an unconscious framework of shared meaning which makes communication possible but makes intercultural conflict inevitable.† (Shaules, 2007, p. 27) The screens of intercultural knowledge are constantly being challenged in this film as Dev Patel’s Jamal is being asked how he could know certain things, while being ignorant of simple cultural artifacts. However, one of the things that makes the film fascinating for American audiences is how some of these cultural artifacts are more familiar even if they are the more complicated questions. Early in the movie, Jamal flubs the question for the national emblem of India and the police chief notes that his five year old daughter could answer the question. Jamal responds by asking about the cost of certain food in his neighborhood and other questions that the police cannot answer. When they cannot answer, he replies that even five year olds in this particular place know these answers. As a child of the slums, he is ignorant of certain cultural artifacts and very cognizant of others. In fact the whole movie is informed by the cultural artifacts of India, which includes the shared experiences of going to the movies and the distance between tourists and Indians at the Taj Mahal. At the end, the fact that Jamal’s girlfriend does not know the name of the three musketeers is very indicative of the way that culture behaves in a covert manner that allows for people to know cultural tropes without knowing their origins or contexts. Hofstede’s five dimensions are important in discussing this movie. Power/Distance is very much a part of the culture of this movie and it even frames the movie since Jamal’s performance at the Indian version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire is distrusted due to the fact that he is on a lower strata in the social order. He is a Muslim who grew up in the slums and early in his life he was orphaned. Even his brother Salim has reached a higher scale on the P/D by proving himself to be more vicious than Jamal. Hofstede’s second dimension of Individualism (IDV) is more interesting in the context of this movie because India has a low individualism with many relations being based on caste and family ties and community. â€Å"This refers to the strength of the ties people have to others within the community. A high IDV score indicates a loose connection with people. In countries with a high IDV score there is a lack of interpersonal connection and little sharing of responsibility, beyond family and perhaps a few close friends.† (Mind Tools, 2013) Yet, Jamal is forced by circumstances to work in a highly individualized framework. Throughout the movie, he is cut off from his family and friends. His mother is killed in the Bombay riots and his brother continues to betray him even as the woman that he loves is sold into sexual slavery. Hofstede’s â€Å"Masculinity† dimension is an interesting one but it seems to be arbitrary and based on Western gender roles form the 19 50s. As a movie for Western audiences, the more sensitive Jamal is the hero of the movie even though he is much less traditionally masculine than his brother. His brother is the one that shoots people and dominates many situations. Selling his girlfriend into sexual slavery is portrayed as something that is sad, but also something that seems reasonable given the circumstances. India is in the midst of a national dialogue concerning gender roles, with two gang rapes happening to women who dared to board buses. The Uncertainty/Avoidance Index is depicted in the train scene when the brothers are stealing food and doing everything that they can do to make money and live. They are con artists who are always hustling and the MIA song on the soundtrack provides an undertone of excitement. India is in a time of great transition and its ability to accept change and risk has allowed it to welcome a great economic recovery. The brothers in this scene become metaphors for the Indian economic culture of innovation and change. However, India is still a culture that has a high UAI on a structural basis. I am actually not sure why Hofstede suggests that people communicate with UAI cultures by expressing their emotions through hand gestures and raised voices. It seems like a stereotype that covers people who come from hot-weather climates like Italians, Jews and Arabs with the joke â€Å"what do you call a broken hand? A speech impediment† attached. Finally Long Term Orientation is one of the major forces in the movie, where the absence of family is a tragedy and the characters replace their mother with gangsters. Even though the movie is about Jamal’s self-actualization, his happy ending involves forming a family unit with his childhood crush and then dancing a Bollywood group dance number. There are several cultural identities that Jamal has throughout the movie. He is Indian but he is also poverty stricken. His Muslim cultural identity emerges in the Bombay riots when his mother is killed by Hindu radicals. The cultural bias of the Hindus is at its most extreme and deadly at this point. Cultural bias is also apparent in the opening question where Jamal knows the face on the hundred dollar bill even though he doesn’t know Indian currency. Jamal knows the $100 bill because he is in the subculture of begging and has come in contact with western currency more than Indian money. Cultural patterns are the interrelated cultural traits that are put forth in a culture. â€Å"the Westerners are assumed to be members of low-context cultures, and need direct and explicit verbal messages because they share little background information or context. And they have strong orientations to value individualism, equality and assertiveness in their social interaction and interpersonal communication. The Easterners, on the other hand, are believed to be high-context, and do not require much in-depth background information since most of the information is already in the individuals. And they, due to their history and tradition, tend to respect collectivism, hierarchy and interpersonal harmony in the society.† (Qingxue, 2003) In one scene the brothers show two tourists the impoverished area of India while a group of children steal everything in their car. The scene has a rather obvious payoff when the tourists see that their car is robbed and Jamal says â€Å"You wanted to see the real India. Here it is.† The tourists respond by stating that they are real Americans and then give him money. When Jamal and his brother are reunited, Jamal and his brother talk about the gangster from the slum. Jamal is speaking to him but Salim is looking away and smoking. The verbal communication reinforces the family bond since Salim is not allowing Jamal not to get away. In the next scene Jamal watches Salim as he prays, goes to work and acts like he owns everything. Jamal leads him to his childhood lover as an adult. An interesting part about the scene where Jamal is praying is that it serves as a non-intentional communication with Jawad. For the most part, this movie fits in with the co-cultural theory in which the major leaders of India are the American businesses and cultural mavens who are communicating with the Indian business leaders and authorities. Meanwhile there is an entire culture of India that is not viewed by the dominant members of society and this subculture of crime and poverty has its own cultural tropes and patterns that are not necessarily the India that most tourists will see. The â€Å"real India† scene is fascinating in that it provides the one insight that those Americans will have of India and they choose to throw money at it. Works Cited Mind Tools (2013). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions: Understanding workplace values around the world. Mind Tools. Retrieved from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm on Feb 20, 2013. Qingxue, Liu (Apr 2003). Understanding different cultural patterns or orientations between East and West. Investigations Linguistic Shaules, J. (Oct 2007). Deep culture: The hidden challenges of global living. Ontario: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

A History Of The World - 1811 Words

Jonathan Lund Mr. O’Donnell Period 3 15 December 2014 A History of the World in Six Glasses BEER 1. The discovery of beer is linked to the first civilizations because it led to the domestication of cereal grains, the development of farming, early migrations, and the development of river valley societies in Egypt and Mesopotamia. 2. The history of beer in the ancient world tells us that the early civilizations used beer from when they were born to when they died. Beer used to be a currency and a religious offering; in early civilizations they incorporated it into everyday life. 3. The sources the author uses include Egypt and Mesopotamia. He tells how beer helped Egypt in a multitude of ways as well as Mesopotamia. 4. The use for beer was†¦show more content†¦It was also much more expensive 2. The Greeks used wine in parties, and as a drink that was safer than water. They also used it medicinally, to clean wounds. 3. Wine developed a status symbol because only high social classed could attain it. Wine was very scarce, but eventually it spread among Greece and became more available. However, a lot of money was required for wine. 4. Wine was consumed to show power, it was done at parties and high class arrangements. Most people drank beer, but wine showed a sense of authority, as it was much harder to get than beer. 5. Wine differed in Rome from ancient Greece in many ways. Rome started to grow wine grapes instead of the Greeks grain. Also, the brand of the wine being consumed began to matter in Rome. 6. Wine had a lot to do with empire, medicine, and religion. Wine was associated with the rise and fall of empires. Wine lived on with Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire. Wine also spread religion. Medicine advanced because they found out that wine helped to clean wounds, killing the bacteria in them. SPIRITS 1. The origin of distilled spirits was in Cordoba, by the Arabs. They wanted the miracle medicine of wine travel better. 2. Spirits and colonization are connected in many ways. One of them being that spirits led to the distilling in New England. As well spirits became very popular in colonies and united people together. 3. The production of spirits is connected to

Final Project Seasonal Trading Patterns - 3010 Words

Final Project – Seasonal Trading Patterns Timothy Brady Southern New Hampshire University 25 January 2015 QSO510 – Quantitative Analysis Professor Ozcan Topic Selection For my paper, I wanted to analyze the validity of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and evaluate patterns in trading. As an investor, one of the fundamental measures that I use is the tendency of commodities to follow seasonal patterns due to the nature of planting and harvesting periods, supply/demand, and general weather patterns which all impact the price of commodities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the existence the effect in investment returns for different markets. Thesis The efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) is one of the well-known methods for measuring the future value of stock prices. According to this hypothesis, the market is efficient if its prices are formed on the basis of all disposable information. According to EMH if there is a possibility to predict the future price of shares, that is the first sign of an inefficient market. The existence of calendar or time anomalies is a contradiction to the weak form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). The weak form of the EMH states that the market is efficient in past price and volume information and stock movements cannot be predicted using this historic information. This form infers that stock returns are time invariant, that is, there is no identifiable short-term time based pattern. The existence of seasonalityShow MoreRelatedThe El Nino Southern Oscillation1878 Words   |  8 Pagescauses the thermocline becomes weaker, causing the warmer water to move backwards closer to the eastern Pacific Ocean. The warmer water can hold more nutrients which are better conditions for fishes that led the fishermen to recognize this climate pattern. The tropical Pacific Ocean is divided into different regions for detail observation and forecasts. 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Front page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 1 Index†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 2 1.1 Problem statement.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 2.1 History/ Background †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 3.1 The Old structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PageRead MoreInterim Internship Report34088 Words   |  137 Pagesstates in India. 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Marketing of Tiffany free essay sample

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The luxury goods industry quickly rebounded following the United States economic downturn in 2001, partly due to the increasing trend of middle-income American consumers demanding luxury at every level. Within the luxury industry, the jewelry sector is largest with global retail sales amounting to $150 billion. Tiffany Co. (â€Å"Tiffany†) currently holds the leading position within the jewelry industry with a 19 percent share of the $50,000-plus jewelry industry. Tiffany recognized the growing number of consumers demanding luxury at mid-level prices and decided to use this trend to its advantage by appealing to these middle-income Americans. Tiffany did this by adding less expensive items to its collection, including more sterling silver, which appeals to younger women as some items retail for as low as $100. With 2002 revenues of almost $190 million, analysts believe Tiffany’s earnings will continue to increase through future store expansion, which management hopes to increase by 5 percent annually. This would total 173 worldwide stores by the end of 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing of Tiffany or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Upon realizing the strength of its brand and the image its blue box portrays, Tiffany also plans to continue launching new product lines, taking advantage of the growing popularity of branding among jewelry consumers today. However, with all of Tiffany’s current success, some analysts worry that the company may dilute its luxury brand image with its attempts to make the blue box accessible to the lower end. Tiffany, therefore, must focus on assuring its affluent customers that the quality of its products and service has not lessened even though its brand has become more affordable. This research proposal discusses the fine jewelry sector within the luxury goods industry, focusing on Tiffany Co. ’s (â€Å"Tiffany†) position among its high-class competitors and fine jewelry consumers. The paper begins with an overview of the luxury goods industry and current trends within the specific sector of fine jewelry. The document progresses by describing the corporate structure of Tiffany, specifically the company’s products, financial situation, store operations and plans for expansion, key publics, brand image, and marketing strategies. The proposal includes an in-depth analysis of Tiffany Co. ’s position among luxury goods consumers, with the primary question of how Tiffany will maintain its elite image and leading position within the jewelry market while attempting to expand its consumer base. INDUSTRY INFORMATION The luxury goods industry, along with the rest of America’s economy, suffered in 2001 following the September 11 attacks. However, according to J. P. Morgan analysts Melanie Flouquet and David Wedick (2004), the luxury goods industry is recovering very well from the weaker sales growth experienced that year (p. 4). In the first quarter of 2002, jewelry store sales increased 0. 7 percent from 2001 (Kato, 2002,  ¶11). Consumers’ quick return to luxury purchases illustrates the somewhat addictive nature of luxury goods (Flouquet Wedick, 2004, p. 15). However, according to Louis Cona, publisher of Vanity Fair, â€Å"There will always be a luxury consumer, and they’ll continue to spend whether there are wars or diseases or whatever† (Case Anderson, 2003,  ¶7). Tax cuts, equity wealth, and job market conditions also favor upper-income individuals, who are the primary luxury goods consumers (Flouquet Wedick, 2004, p. ). At the same time, the exclusivity of luxury goods in America is declining. In an age of mass affluence with easy access to credit (Brown, 2002,  ¶5), luxury goods are becoming more affordable (Horovitz, 2003,  ¶13). Also, with a 50 percent rise in household income in the last 30 years, Americans have more money to spend on premium goods (Fiske Silverste in, 2003,  ¶16). According to Arnold Brown who writes for Across the Board (2002), recent surveys show that more than 350,000 U. S. households have a net worth of a least $10 million. More than five million households have a net worth of more than $1 million, which is double the amount of households 20 years ago. Economists predict that by 2050, more than 25 million U. S. households may have assets of more than $1 million (Brown, 2002,  ¶4). Figure 1 illustrates the above data, showing the increase in the number of households with assets amounting to more than $1 million. Note the increase of just over 40 percent during the 20-year span between 1982 and 2002 compared to the 400 percent increase predicted for the next 50 years. Figure 1 Numbers of Households with Assets Over $1 Million Source: Brown, A. Luxury redefined. There is also a growing trend of middle-income Americans demanding luxury at every level (Horovitz, 2003,  ¶3) and stretching their checkbooks and credit cards to support their luxury impulses (â€Å"A Beemer in Every Garage? ,† 2002,  ¶4). According to futurist Watts Wacker, luxury is no longer an aspiration because even middle-income Americans are living luxurious lives (Horovitz, 2003,  ¶12). Luxury travel has increased 130 percent since 1990, and luxury cars account for 12 percent of vehicles sold, a 6 percent rise since 1986 (Nucifora, 2001,  ¶2).

Reasons for the American Revolution Essay Example

Reasons for the American Revolution Essay After the French and Indian War finally ended in 1763, France and England decided to sign a treaty called the Treaty of Paris. In the Treaty of Paris, France had to give England all of Canada and the eastern half of Louisiana. In exchange, they gained control of a few Caribbean sugar islands and two fishing islands along the Canadian coast. Spain gained control of the western half of the  Louisiana Territory. Spain also traded Florida in exchange for Cuba. The Mississippi River was left open to all of the nations. England’s victory in the French and Indian War had a great impact on the British Empire. But the cost of the war had greatly enlarged Britains debt. Plus, the war caused a lot of hate towards the colonists among English leaders, who were not satisfied with the financial and military help they had received from the colonists during the war. All these factors combined to persuade most of the British leaders that the colonies needed a major reorganization and that the central government should be in London. England first implemented the proclamation of 1763 which prohibited settlement passed the Appalachian Mountains. In 1765 Parliament passed the Quartering Act that said the colonists needed to find or pay for lodging for British soldiers stationed in America. With the French and Indian War over, many colonists saw no need for soldiers to be stationed in the colonies. The King and Parliament needed to get out of war debt which they mainly blamed on the colonists so they started to tax them. These taxes included the Stamp Act, passed in 1765, which required the use of special paper bearing an embossed tax stamp for all legal documents. Other laws, such as the Townsend Acts, passed in 1767, required the colonists to pay taxes on imported goods like tea. Many colonists felt that they should not pay these taxes, because they were passed in England by Parliament, not by their own colonial governments. The colonists started to re We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons for the American Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons for the American Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons for the American Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Compression Techniques essays

Compression Techniques essays This research describes an image representation technique that entails progressive refinement of user specified regions of interest (ROI) of large images. Progressive refinement of original quality can be accomplished in theory. However, due to heavy burden on storage resources for our applications, we restrict the refinement to about 25% of the original data resolution. Wavelet decomposition with Vector Quantization (VQ) of the high frequency components and JPEG/DCT compression of low frequency component is used as representation framework. Our software will reconstruct the region selected by the user from its wavelet decomposition at desired resolution. Further refinement from the first preview can be obtained progressively by transmitting high frequency coefficients from low resolution to high resolution, which are compressed by variant of Vector Quantization called Model Based Vector Quantization. The user will have an option of progressive build up of the ROIs until full resolution stored or terminate the transmission at any time during the progressive refinement. The entire architecture of the program is based on object oriented programming using C++. A multiresolution decomposition into wavelet coefficients provides the most useful image representation or image browsing. Image decomposition is done recursively into wavelet coefficients using the technique [2] shown in Figure 1. The given image is decomposed into low and high frequency bands along the rows and columns. The high frequency subbands are first scalar quantized and the low frequency band, LL subband of the highest-level decomposition is compressed using JPEG/DCT technique. The scalar quantization is heavier for higher resolutions and reduced successively for low resolution high frequency components. The coefficients are then further compressed by a variant of Vector ...

Short Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short Paper - Coursework Example It is evident in the commonality in the forms of discrimination manifested in institutions and across countries and even religions. This paper examines a specific institutional setting, where a student who is from a different race is discriminated based on the skin color. It will also outline an example of a student from United Arab Emirates who is studying in the University of Arizona. Racism can be manifested through stereotypes, prejudice or through discrimination. However, while institutional racism is based on stereotypes and prejudice, it is mainly expressed through discrimination. Racism is dominant in the American society through social institutions such as University of Arizona. American institutions are in most cases oriented to white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant values and its associated lifestyle. The mentioned is the dominant lifestyle and culture that permeates the whole American society. This does not suggest that there is anything wrong in the cultural orientation. What needs to be questioned is the implication that only protestant values and culture can be viewed as exemplary in the American culture. According to Better (41), the greatness of the United States has been utilized to champion people who have been subjugated. The American troops sent to Haiti and Kosovo attests to the nation’s concern for the poor people. As a student from United Ar ab Emirates, one can face segregation since policies, practices and procedures in most American institutions favor the dominant culture. Different practices and policies aimed at addressing differential outcomes for different races continue to fail to address inequalities and perceived discrimination in various institutions. Broad anti-discrimination legislation and diversity cannot sufficiently address the current discriminations in institutional

Environmental Impact of Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Impact of Products - Essay Example Their examples can be used to show how companies had to change their products and their processes in order to become more environmentally friendly. Environmental degradation has become a very important topic for the world today watchdog groups as well as concerned bodies focus on various ways and means in which they can force giant companies to help the environment rather than harm it (Green, 2005). Government regulation, think tank pressure, as well as the opinions of various consumer groups, can force companies to become friendlier towards the environment (Schulte, 2006). Undoubtedly, human activities including the actions taken by corporations have had a visible impact on the global environment and this has been noted by the scientific community at large. While the government can make laws to regulate a bare minimum to be done by corporations, consumers have to ensure that they do not support those companies which are hurting the environment (VonAncken, 2006). Consumers who have access to vast amounts of information about the companies they make purchases from can demand that the brands or businesses which they support behave ethically and show their responsibility for not hurting the environment. Organisations have to show that they are ethical producers since consumer wish to be ethical themselves and may make the purchase decisions based on knowing if the company is helping the environment rather than hurting it (Ethical Consumer, 2006). By being friendly to the environment, companies such as Apple and Cadbury Schweppes are helping their shareholders and investors (Phillips, 2003). Through the scientific developments in recycling, proper water conservation, and more efficient technologies for generating energy, individuals and companies have made great advances in becoming more environmentally responsible. At the same time, these efforts fall short of what will be needed in the world for sustained long-term prosperity.

Malcomes final speech Essay Example for Free

Malcomes final speech Essay In Malcomes final speech he describes Lady Macbeth as a fiend like queen. Explain how far you think this description of her is justified Lady Macbeth is a very essential character to the play. She is singly responsible for the most tragedy and destruction throughout the play. She is very responsible because she is the one who talks to and persuades Macbeth. But she cannot be purely seen as an evil influence for she is a much more complex character then many would think. We first see Lady Macbeth in act one, scene five when she is reading the letter that Macbeth sent her. When reading the letter, she reads it in an innocent ladylike voice that we will not see much of until later on in the script. As she calmly reads the letter you can see her slowly spiralling towards the more evil sinister way. The letter is read as if he was writing it to his Dearest partner of greatness. He treats her with a lot of respect as if she is an equal. This would seem to be very awkward to an audience in the Shakespearean era for women were seen to be inferior to men. She decides on Macbeths behalf that they are to kill the King Duncan, without Macbeths approval. The only problem is that she thinks that Macbeth is too full of th milk of human kindness to commit such an evil task. She then thinks that she had the power to alter Macbeths mind like an evil conscience. This makes her more evil than seen so far for she is seen as an evil presence. Lady Macbeth feels that in order to commit the murderous task herself she will need to look for help of evil ghosts and spirits to take her body and do the dirty deeds for her. She suggests strong sentences to unsex her and turn her evil. Come to my womens breasts And take my milk for gall. In Shakespeares time the average person in the audience still believed in witches, evil sprits, potions and evil presences, so they would be scared as if it were real. The audience will also look at her in a very strange, different way for she is willing to give up all her femininity for a natural evil. She continues to make obscene comments to hell. Come thick night and pull the In the dunnest smokes of hell. She says this because she wants not to be discovered for it will cost her life if she was discovered. For a stage production I would start with her sitting in darkness on a chair alone with the spot light on her. She would wear a white dress to promote her innocence. The background music would be slow, low and quiet in a solitary tune. As she starts to ponder evil thoughts, I would slowly creep up in tempo and make all the notes more sinister. She would get up and keep her head down as she wanders around the stage reading the letter. As soon as she finishes reading the letter she will raise her head and start to whisper her lines to the audience making eye contact. The lights would be dim as she goes from side to side on the stage. She will get louder and louder until the servant walks in and after he leaves she will continue walking from side to side getting louder and louder until her husband enters and a red light will fade in as she explains the plot to Macbeth. The second time we see her is when she is at dinner acting sweet and innocent when at heart she is completely evil and filled with hate and gall. Duncan ironically and innocently speaks of sweet and good air which has a ironic relationship to Lady Macbeths earlier quote The dunnest smokes of hell in the last scene. In Act 1, Scene 7 we see Lady Macbeth for the third time. She is alone in the bedroom with Macbeth discussing their hidden sinister plan to kill king Duncan and steal his throne. In this scene we can see again how much influence on Macbeth, Lady Macbeth has. Macbeth decides that he wishes not to conduct in this evil scheme any further, but once again Lady Macbeth bends and twists Macbeths mind to see the opportinity the way she does. An audience would again be surprised to see a women taking more or less complete control over Macbeth. Her character would seem very masculine and the power over Macbeth would seem to be some sort of witchs spell, again making her seem more evil than she really is. It would not be surprising to see lady Macbeth fall to even lower levels of murder and in justice for all her goodness and innocence has been completely corrupted by greed, therefore making her nothing more than a victim to her inner evil. Macbeth stands for shining goodness in that moment that he refuses to commit this disruption of the hierarchy for it would not only be a murderous crime, it would also mean that he has turned his back on his God, for the king was seen to be Gods representative on earth. Lady Macbeth uses blackmail to get him to obey her. She starts to accuse him of not loving her and not acting like a real man treats his wife. This is ironic, for she does not treat him as a real husband, but none the less she gets her way through these obscene accusations of him being a coward And live a coward in thine own esteem The last time we see Lady Macbeth is in Act 5 Scene 1, after all planned has successfully happened. In this scene we can see how the aftermath of the killings has actually affected lady Macbeth. The scene begins with lady Macbeth being analysed by a doctor and his decision is that she is suffering mentally. Lady Macbeth is mentally scared and is sleepwalking in anguish. Lady Macbeth is constantantly rubbing and washing this certain spot in her palm because she (and only she) can see a red damned spot of blood. She is conveying images of the murder and she is speaking of the killing of an old man ( King Duncan ). Who would have thought the old man had so much blood in him Through sleep walking and being nervous we can see that Lady Macbeth does have a conscious and is liable to greed instead of being this evil monster which the audience has all seen before. The audience for the first time would start to understand and see that all the evil within her was evil spirits and the greed assigned to every human being. In this last scene with her, as she fall apart we can see all her greed and wickedness being stripped from her just leaving her an image of pure, innocent child like women. As Lady Macbeth becomes mentality ill and losses all her influence and greed it is as if Macbeth and his wife have swooped feelings and brains. Her obsession with a damned spot of blood which she cannot remove from her hand contrasts with her attitude to the blood after Duncans murder, when she says: A little water cleans us of this deed The way an actress would perform this scene would be very different from the way she would act in Act 1 Scene. Her face would be pale and without make-up, and she would wear a white nightdress to suggest return to a vulnerable childlike state. Her voice would be frail and trembling, and some lines, such as The Thane of Fife had a wife would be spoken like child reciting a nursery rhyme. Referring back to the title question, I think that Lady Macbeth cannot be fully justified as a Fiend for she is a normal women who is corrupted by greed and I am sure that many people in the same situation would be very tempted to do something similar.

Tarzan of the Apes and Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano :: Sociology Essays Research Papers

The Primitive In Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan of the Apes and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African When societies judge other cultures their judgments are often biased and ethnocentric. In Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan of the Apes, Tarzan, â€Å"the perfect specimen of white masculinity and testament to the viability of white civilization,[1]† projected many ideals and views of European society. Olaudah Equiano gave a first hand account of his life from his captive into slavery through his liberation in The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African. In these two novels members of the European and African society classify the other’s culture as â€Å"primitive†. These classifications lead the reader of both novels to question: What is primitive? Raised in the jungle by apes Tarzan never lived in European civilization yet he â€Å"inherited† the mannerisms and ethics of that society. Burroughs positioned Tarzan at the top of the hierarchy of civilization while he placed the African Mbongo tribe at the bottom. As Tarzan watched the cannibal rituals of the Mbongo, â€Å"[he] began to hold his own kind in low esteem[2]†. Many in Burroughs’ society disregarded the cultural practices of the Africans by writing them off as being primitive and lacking value. Overlooking the social structure and the established customs, Europeans considered the Africans primitive because they were different. Tarzan did not interact with the Mbongo he found them to be savage and uncivilized. This ethnocentric lens that created distinctions and separation transcended the cultural borders. At age 11, slave traders kidnapped Olaudah Equiano, a child who never knew any culture outside of his own. When he first encountered white people, his initial reaction showed the same culture shock and ethnocentric view displayed by Tarzan. â€Å"I came among people who did not circumcise, and who ate without washing their hands. They cooked their provisions in iron pots, and had European cutlasses and cross bows, which were unknown to us; and fought with their fists among themselves. Their women were not so modest as ours for they ate, drank, and slept with their men. But, above all, I was amazed to see no sacrifices or offerings among them.

Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago

Method: Biotic Data 1. The stream was split into 14 sections and groups of 3 were each assigned to work at different sections of the stream, which began at the beginning, right at the top, and ended further down stream. 2. The method we used for our experiment was Disturbance Sampling. This was accomplished with the aid of a Surber Sampler which we used in one riffle and one pool in our section. The Surber Sampler consisted of a net which had a 1.0mm2 mesh at the end where all the samples were collected and a quadrat which was placed over a part of the riffle or pool and gave us our area of sampling. 3. By laying the quadrat flat on the bed, I disturbed the stream bed and washed any lying organisms into the mesh. I then washed the water through the mesh to collect any samples in the water. 4. Once this was done the invertebrates were identified, counted and recorded Physical Data: 1. To accomplish my physical data, I measured the pH of the water, the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), the dissolved oxygen, the depth and the temperature. 2. All were measured using specialised probes which were placed in the water of the riffles or the pool. The probes gave us readings of whichever piece of data we were trying to achieve after 30 seconds. The readings were then recorded. 3. The amount of detritus was estimated using estimation by eye, recorded and measured using a scale of 1-4: 1. None 2. Little 3. Some 4. Abundant The pool was 4 and the riffles was 2. 4. The substrate was also identified as to what matter was present, i.e. Riffles: gravel's and pebbles. Pools: twigs, soil, leaves, detritus. Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in the numbers of Chironomus between pools and riffles. Alternative Hypothesis: There will be a significantly higher number of Chironomus in the pools than in the riffles. Which statistical test? I am going to use the chi square test because we do not know the normal distribution of the data and because I only have a small data sample of 14. A chi square test is used to see if observe values are different from expected values. X2 = ? (O-E)2 o = observed E E = expected POOL RIFFLE OBSERVED (o) 285 15 EXPECTED (e) 300 = 150 300 = 15 O – E 285 – 150 = 135 15 – 150 = -135 (O – E) 2 (285- 150)2 = 18,225 (15-150)2 = 18,225 ( O-E)2 E 18225 = 121.5 150 18225 = 121.5 150 ? (O-E)2 E 121.5 + 121.5 = 243 My chi square value from the experiment was 243. The critical value from the table at 95% confidence showed to be 3.84 at 1 degree of freedom. Because my experimental chi- square value is of a much greater value than my calculated value, it leaves me with a result indicating that my Null Hypothesis is incorrect. I am 99.9% confident that it is wrong as the critical value at this point is 10.8 and my calculated critical value is 243 which is an extremely larger figure. Therefore I will in turn accept my alternative hypothesis which states that there will be a significantly larger number of Chironomus in pools than in the riffles. After my statistical analysis, I can see that there was significantly more Chironomus found in the pool. As my density data shows the maximum abundance of Chironomus is 800m2 in the pool, whereas the maximum number of Chironomus found in the riffles is 50m2. Interpretation Our aim was to investigate the distribution of freshwater Macroinvertebrates in two microhabitats in an upland stream. A stream is formed due to gravity causing overland flow in water and there are many individual factors which affect the stream and the abundance of its inhabitants. The two different types of factors are Abiotic and Biotic. Abiotic The Abiotic factors, which would affect the stream and its inhabitants, are: The current in the riffles, which is significantly stronger compared to the current in the pools. It would suggest that there are either not as many organisms living in the riffles or that if there are, then they would be specially adapted organisms. Examples of this would be an organism, which is highly streamlined. This would help it be prevented from being washed off the rock. It is also adapted to living in the riffles with its ‘claws' that help it grip and cling onto the rock to prevent it from being washed away. In comparison, there is evidence to indicate that there is none or very little current in the pools. This will affect the organisms living in the pools, because there is very little chance for them to be washed away, resulting in there being a higher population of organisms in the pools than there is in the riffles. The low ratings of current mean that there is also a lot of small substrate particles. This means that many other different types of organisms will inhabit the pools as there will be more prey for predators, and in turn, those which are the predators, will attract organisms which hunt for them themselves. These new predators will also inhabit the pools to consume their prey. The substratum levels and content of them also affects the stream and its organisms. In the pools, there are mostly high levels of detritus as the current is extremely low and so the sediment is allowed to settle on the streambed and be built up. There are, however, lower numbers of detritus, twigs and leaves in the riffles because there is a high current running here and anything which settles here will get washed away. Therefore, there is a layer of gravel and pebbles. Temperature also affects the distribution of organisms. When there are high temperatures or when the temperatures rise, the respiration of the organism will also rise, affecting where they must live due to the fact that if they are respiring at a higher rate, then there will need to be more oxygen available to them. By living in the pools, this large amount of oxygen is unavailable to them because of the slow flow rate and low dissolved oxygen percentage. If there is a drastic change in the temperature of the water, then the enzymes in most organisms will become denatured and they will die. This is also the case if the temperature becomes too cold. The organisms will not be able to live in those conditions and so will die. The percentage of dissolved oxygen affects the stream and the distribution of its organisms. When there is a low percentage of dissolved oxygen, there will be a high number of organisms, which are specially adapted to living in these kinds of conditions, such as the Chironomus. This organism has haemoglobin in its body to help it survive in such low levels of dissolved oxygen when it is burrowed in the stream bed. Where there are high levels of oxygen, you will find that there are riffles. This means that there will be very little number of organisms present as they will just be washed away. Biotic Biotic factors affecting the distribution and abundance of the stream and its organisms include: * Food Availability –> for example,the prey or food particles of the correct size/type * Predation –>The probability of prey surviving plummets when predator densities increase. * Competition –>Competition from organisms with similar ecological niches * Disease There are 2 microhabitats in the Nant Iago; the pool, and the riffle. I am now going to describe in more detail the differences the characteristics of the two microhabitats and compare them to assist me in describing the factors affecting the distribution of organisms in Nant Iago Nr. Abergevanny, S. Wales. Characteristics Of A Pool To begin, the substrate in the pool mainly consists of small particles such as sand, mud, detritus and twigs. Detritus is dead decaying organic matter. This build up is due to the low flow rate of 0.05m/s in the stream which prevents the substrate from being washed away. The effect is that the substrate settles and is deposited on the streambed as there is not enough force to wash it away and becomes a habitat for many organisms which can be established in the stream. It has made the detritus rating 3.7 which is abundant. The percentage of dissolved oxygen in the stream is 63.6% which is low. This low amount of dissolved oxygen is due to the fact that bacteria feed on the large amounts of settled detritus. These decomposing bacteria are high in numbers and aerobically respire extensively as they feed on the detritus. In order to respire, oxygen is needed; therefore oxygen levels are exceptionally low and plummet in pools due to the mass of bacteria respiring. This leaves a low ventilation of fresh oxygen in water. The low level of fresh oxygen is also due to the substrate on the streambed accumulating and being so condensed, that the water particles are restricted from moving through it. This, together with the low current, means that the oxygen is not able to be replaced and conditions in pool sediments may become anoxic. Characteristics Of A Riffle In a riffle the number of small substrate particles recorded was lower than that of the pool, and this is due to the much faster current flowing through this part of the stream. The flow rate here was 0.431 m/s. This means that it has a considerably higher kinetic energy in comparison to the pool and it results in the diminutive particles and detritus being swept away with ease. This is evidential through the data which I recorded where it demonstrates that the detritus count was 2.4 (little). Organisms which would need to be adapted to these kinds of speeds of water flow. Baetidae is an example. These organisms are extremely streamlined. This assists the organism greatly, as when it hangs onto the rocks, instead of the water taking the Baetidae with its current, the water will instead flow over due to its highly streamlined body. This is also helpful as when the water flows over the organism, the pressure from the flow causes the organism to be pressed against the rock even more, causing greater resistance to the organism being taken away with the current. The Baetidae also has adapted ‘claws' which are situated on the ends of its legs. These claws cling onto the rock to help give extra strength against being taken away with the current. The dissolved percentage of oxygen was read at 64.1%. This however may not entirely be correct as the reading is far too low than expected, which leads me to believe that the reader may have been defected as the value should be closer to 100%. The general trend is superior to that of the pools because there are large gaps between the large substrate particles in the riffles, which in turn results in higher ventilation and faster current/water flow through the sediment. I will now explain how and why Chironomus are found in pools and are able to live in anoxic conditions. As a female adult Midge deposits her eggs in water, the gelatinous mass hatches and each larvae which has hatched, burrows into the detritus on the bed of the pool. Once here, it develops a silken burrow to prevent the detritus from collapsing on it. The only time the detritivore Chironomus vaguely leaves this silken burrow is when it will pop its head out briefly to feed on the surrounding detritus. This benthic invertebrate is adapted to existing in anoxic conditions and has become acquired to them through several ways; psyological adaptations, behavioural adaptations and structural adaptations. * Structural Adaptations –> The Chironomus has diminutive gills at the end of its body which amplifies the large surface area to volume ratio. Therefore oxygen may diffuse in quickly and easily. Its slender cylinder shape means that it can burrow easily in the detritus found on the stream bed. * Behavioural Adaptations –> The Chironomus exists in silken burrows in the sediment. This means that there is a constrained quantity of oxygen obtainable to them. Therefore to make the oxygen accessible, they undulate their bodies to make water flow through the tube. This enables the haemoglobin in their bodies to become saturated with oxygen from the water in this ventilation current. * Psyological Adaptations –> Just like a mammalian, in order for oxygen to be transported around the body, it must combine with haemoglobin first. Chironomus has haemoglobin which is very similar to that of a mammal. It consists of 1 or 2 polypeptide chains of 136 to 151 amino acid length. Each polypeptide is folded into a tertiary structure and has a single haem group. This haemoglobin is, however, not found in cells, but is found in the body cavity in a fluid named haemolymph. The only main difference between the Chironomus haemoglobin and mammalian haemoglobin is that Chironomus haemoglobin has a much higher affinity for oxygen. This signifies that the oxygen will bind to the haem groups at extremely low partial pressures and will be released only when needed. This assists them when burrowing in anoxic conditions, in the sediment on the pool bed, where oxygen is very restricted. The haemoglobin act as an oxygen store and will this can be demonstrated on an oxygen dissociati on graph. As shown, the O2 dissociation curve for the Chironomus haemoglobin is to the left of the mammalian O2 dissociation curve. This means that it has a higher affinity and will bind oxygen at especially low partial pressures. The reason why the Chironomus dissociation curve is straight is due to the fact that it has only two polypeptides so it is extremely easy for the molecules to bind to the haem groups. The mammalian dissociation curve is s-shaped (sigmoid). This is because it has four polypeptides. With the first haem group, it is tough for the O2 molecule to bind to it, but once it has then this makes it easier for the second and third O2 molecule to bind to the haem groups. The reason why the curve lines off is due to the fact that it is harder for oxygen to bind to the fourth haem group. Benefits of living in anoxic sediments: Living in anoxic conditions requires special adaptations which can be found in Chironomus. Examples of why it may be beneficial for the Chironomus to live in anoxic conditions are that it helps them avoid predation from predators such as the stone fly nymphs; Perlodidae. It also helps Chironomus avoid competition such as interspecific competition from other organisms, for example, the shrimp (gammaridae) who are also detritivores. The shrimp will feed on the floating detritus but cannot enter the substrates and feed on any buried detritus as it does not have adaptations for anoxic conditions. The Chironomus, however, will feed on the detritus in the pool bed. It means that the shrimp cannot feed on the lower parts of detritus because of the low amounts of dissolved oxygen, they will not survive. This shows the different niches. Evaluation: Experimental Errors: Limitations in apparatus: The limitations in the apparatus equipment may have had an overall affect on my final results. By discussing the limitations with my apparatus, I can then relate it to the affect it had on my results. The first limitation was with the Surber Sampler we used. In the pools, there is not as much flow as there is originating in the riffles. This can be distinguished on my results table where it illustrates that the mean flow rate for the pools is 0.059m/s in contrast to 0.431m/s found in the riffles. Hence, this signifies that with a low flow rate in the pools, anything disturbed such as Chironomus or other invertebrates which did not get washed into the net could have swum away with ease. In comparison, the riffles had the advantage of having a high flow rate connotating that there was a high chance of invertebrates being washed into the mesh net. This affects the results because it means that there could have been an artificially lower count of Chironomus in the pools. there wasn't and where there should have been a lower, or perhaps a zero count, of Chironomus in the riffles, there were results that showed up to 5 Chironomus being found. The second constraint caused by the Surber Sampler we used was due to the net. The net mesh is 1mm2 and this may have been a problem. Chironomus goes through 8 instar stages where at each stage, they shed their skin and grow bigger. At the first instar stage, the Chironomus is especially minuscule, so when we disturbed the pool or riffle, the small Chironomus will have simply washed straight through the net. This brings us to a conclusion that we could only have possibly trapped Chironomus or other invertebrates exceeding the size of 1mm due to the fact that they would have been rinsed directly through the net if any smaller. This affects the results because it demonstrates that there may have been a significantly higher amount of Chironomus in both pools and riffles although they were not recorded as the net was unsuccessful in detaining them, reason being that their size was too diminutive. Nonetheless, this is not a very significant error as it has an equal effect in both the pool s and the riffles. A third limitation with the Surber Sampler was related to the substrate. More rocks can be found in the riffles, whereas in the pools, more sand and silt can be found. The rocks in the riffles prevented the Surber Sampler from lying flat as the rocks are, all, various sizes. As the Surber Sampler cannot lie flat, Chironomus may have been washed away, underneath the Surber Sampler where it failed to touch the stream bed. The way this has affected the results is obvious. Any Chironomus which failed to wash into the net swam away when disturbed, leaving the Chironomus results lower than they should have been in the riffles. This is an important error as it only effects the riffles. Limitations in method: The method we all took up comprised of each group being assigned to a certain part of the stream. The limitation of this is that when groups further up stepped into the stream; they would have disturbed the streambed. However, samples which they disturbed were not collected. Instead, the invertebrates which were disturbed could have been washed down stream and rinsed into a net belonging to another group downstream. This is called ‘invertebrate drift' and it is caused when a large number of people are sampling all at the same moment. When invertebrate drift takes place, the invertebrates are much more likely to settle in pools as they have a very low flow rate and this causes the Chironomus count to be higher than it should be which is called ‘over sampling'. It influences the results because it means that, theoretically, the Chironomus count which some groups collected is more elevated than supposed to. This is a major error source as its effect is limited to the downstr eam groups and mainly the pool regions. This is linked to the accuracy of our results being affected by the limitations in the method. Another aspect contributing to the accuracy of our results being affected by limitations in the method, is that there was no standard method of disturbing. Individuals, who disturbed for their group, will have done so in a different manner to another individual disturbing the streambed further upstream, or downstream. This affects the results because it means that some groups will have collected more data through unsettling the streambed more thoroughly than other groups. Hence, gives the connotation that more invertebrates and Chironomus were found in their sample, which is evident in the pools results where it shows that group 5 collected 80 Chironomus whereas group 11 only collected 3 Chironomus. This is not a major error source as its effect is likely to be equal in both of the pools and riffles. Anomalous Results: By analyzing my results, I have seen that there are several anomalous results which can be commented on. I will discuss and compare the anomalous results which have arisen in both the pools and riffles; Pools: In my results, by looking at Surber Number's 5 and 9, you can evidently distinguish that the recorded amount of Chironomus established in the pools is '80' and '70'. This is a particularly high amount, even for the pools and it may possibly have been caused by invertebrate drift, as explained above, which would affect the results because it means that the Chironomus was over sampled. This is in contrast to surber sampler's 7 and 8, where a recorded number of zero Chironomus can be recognized. The reason for this may be due to the detritus reading being ‘2' with surber sampler number 7. Chironomus feed and bury themselves underneath this detritus sediment which is possibly why there are no Chironomus found in surber sampler 7. This affects the results here, because it leaves us with a lower recording of Chironomus than we are meant to have. However, this does not explain the findings for surber sampler number 8. The detritus reading here is 4, which may lead us to believe that perhaps the low Chironomus reading is due to predation, being eaten by a fish of some kind preliminary to our sampling. Perhaps also the Chironomus was in its first instar stage, which would mean that they will not have been trapped by the mesh net. Alternatively, the Chironomus might have just developed into an adult midge, and would no longer be found in the water, but in the air. This would affect the results collected because it would leave us the impression that possibly, if we had sampled the stream on an earlier, or later date, then the Chironomus would be at a trappable larva stage. Riffles: Surber sampler's 7, 8 and 12 have high numbers of Chironomus readings despite of the fact that they are not usually found in this area. Possible reasons for this might be due to invertebrate drift from further upstream, or it could be due to the small particles of detritus being found in these riffles. The detritus could have been collected in sheltered areas such as behind large boulders. After being deposited there and this would have developed a micro habitat, with a mini pool being formed in a riffle, which would explain the high number's of Chironomus being found. Another anomalous result which was portrayed in both the riffle and pools results was the dissolved oxygen saturation readings. By observing both of the mean dissolved oxygen percentage saturations, we can see that in the pools it is 63.6% and in the riffles it is 64.1%. This is entirely incorrect due to the fact that in pools, there is supposed to be barely any dissolved oxygen saturated in the water, and in the riffles, there is supposed to be in the vicinity of 100% dissolved oxygen saturated in the water. These erroneous results are down to the oxygen meter being broken. It affected our whole experiment because it meant we were not able to carry out the trial accurately and record correct results which would assist us in our evaluation. Reliability: In my opinion, the 2 central error sources in my experiment were caused by the Surber Sampler and invertebrate drift. Invertebrate drift occurs when large numbers of people are sampling the equivalent lake/stream at the same period in time. It is incurred when someone (upstream) walking through the stream disturbs the streambed, but does not collect the samples with their mesh net, or in other cases it is caused when invertebrates sweep under/ through/ or to the side of the net. Hereafter, any invertebrates disturbed will flow along with the current and settle amid pools (mainly downstream) which affects results because it means that invertebrates and Chironomus have been over sampled. To prevent invertebrate drift, instead of all groups sampling the stream at the same time, we could allow the group furthest downstream (group 14) to do their experiment first, and then work our way upstream, only allowing groups to do their trial once the group further down has finished their experiment. E.g., group 14 will do their experiment initially and once complete, group 13 will do their experiment. Then once group 13 has completed their experiment, group 12 may carry out their experiment and so forth. This method of carrying out the experiments will completely avoid the matter of invertebrate drift which improve the accuracy of results achieved. Another way of shunning invertebrate drift would be to improve apparatus used, which brings me onto the second central error source within the experiment. The Surber Sampler's which we used composed only of a quadrat base and a mesh net attached to the end of the quadrat (see drawing). This basic surber sampler meant that when we positioned the quadrat onto the (riffles) streambed, it would not have been laid flat because of rocks being various contours and masses. This affects the results because it means that with the surber sampler lying at an awkward angle, when disturbing, invertebrates are highly likely to be swept underneath the mesh net, or the side, instead of into it. A way of recuperating this quandary is by utilizing a better surber sampler. One surber sampler which could be used consists of a bottomless box attached to the bottom of the quadrat. This will improve the experiment and results because not only will it avoid invertebrate drift through the way that nothing will be able to escape (because it will enclose everything within the desired sampling area right down to the streambed), but it will also improve accuracy, giving you a set volume of substrate. Another alternative to the surber sampler's which we used is a piece of apparatus called the ‘Eckman Grab'. These ‘grabs' do not have nets attached to the end of them, but instead act as a set of claws. After your sample has been picked up by these ‘grabs', you cleanly drop all of its contents into your tray where after, you can record the results. This will develop the results because one of the core setbacks with surber samplers is that the nets tend to lose samples (through or under), whereas with these ‘grabs' they do not have nets and so keeping all the samples within its hold will assure the results are more accurate and improved. Final Conclusion: As my final conclusion, I will articulate that the trial my group carried out had a quantity of inaccuracies, but not enough for me to completely reject the whole experiment. The results are reasonable as they reflect the way nature works, regardless of the main sources of error. Also, the statistics and chi squared number shows a highly significant difference in the number of Chironomus in the pools and riffles with more found in the pools. The experimental errors are not large enough to cause a 99.9% rejection of the null hypothesis. To determine the whole pattern of invertebrates and Chironomus along the stream, the experiments should have been carried out every month, instead of just one day. By doing the experiments on just one day we are left with results that are only able to give us a general idea and impression of the patterns of the distribution of invertebrates and Chironomus along the stream. I had to reject my null hypothesis, as I was 99.9% confident that there was a difference. In my opinion, if I was to repeat this experiment even with the improvements I have suggested, then the results obtained would still be the same.

Cost Accounting Chapter 17 Solutions - 12891 Words

CHAPTER 17 PROCESS COSTING 17-16 (25 min.) Equivalent units, zero beginning inventory. 1. Direct materials cost per unit ($750,000 à · 10,000) $ 75.00 Conversion cost per unit ($798,000 à · 10,000) 79.80 Assembly Department cost per unit $154.80 2a. Solution Exhibit 17-16A calculates the equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs in the Assembly Department of Nihon, Inc. in February 2009. Solution Exhibit 17-16B computes equivalent unit costs. 2b. Direct materials cost per unit $ 75 Conversion cost per unit 84 Assembly Department cost per unit $159 3. The difference in the Assembly Department cost per unit calculated in requirements 1 and 2 arises because the costs incurred in January and February†¦show more content†¦Work in Process –– Assembly Department Beginning inventory, Feb. 1 0 3. Transferred out to 1. Direct materials 750,000 Work in Process––Testing 1,431,000 2. Conversion costs 798,000 Ending inventory, Feb. 28 117,000 17-18 (25 min.) 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